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Schema 教程
Schema 教程第23课：创建 API 网关

第23课：创建 API 网关

API 网关是应用程序中的一个组件，负责集中处理客户端与多个所需服务之间的 API 通信。

API 网关可以通过存储在服务器上、由客户端调用的 GraphQL Persisted Queries 来实现，这些 Query 与一个或多个后端服务进行交互，汇聚结果并以单一响应的形式返回给客户端。

使用 GraphQL Persisted Queries 提供 API 网关的一些优势：

  • 客户端无需处理与后端服务的连接，从而简化其逻辑
  • 对后端服务的访问被集中管理
  • 客户端不会暴露任何凭据
  • 来自服务的响应可以转换为客户端期望或更易处理的格式
  • 如果某个后端服务升级，可以调整 Persisted Query 而无需对客户端产生破坏性变更
  • 服务器可以存储对后端服务访问的日志，并提取指标以增强分析能力

本教程课程演示了一个 API 网关，该网关从 GitHub Actions API 获取最新构件，并提取其下载 URL，无需客户端登录 GitHub。

基于 GraphQL 的 API 网关：访问 GitHub Actions 构件

以下 GraphQL Query 必须存储为 Persisted Query（例如，使用 slug retrieve-public-urls-for-github-actions-artifacts）。

该 Query 用于获取 GitHub Actions 构件的可公开访问下载 URL：

  • 首先，从 GitHub Actions 获取最新的 X 个构件，并提取访问每个构件的代理 URL。（由于只有已认证用户才能访问构件，这些 URL 尚未指向实际构件。）
  • 然后，访问这些代理 URL（构件在短时间内上传到公共位置），并从 HTTP 响应的 Location 标头中提取实际 URL
  • 最后，打印所有可公开访问的 URL，允许未认证用户在该时间窗口内下载 GitHub 构件

（教程课程到此结束，但作为延伸，GraphQL Query 可以进一步对这些 URL 进行操作：通过电子邮件发送、通过 FTP 上传文件到某处、安装到 InstaWP 站点等。）

query RetrieveGitHubAccessToken {
  githubAccessToken: _env(name: "GITHUB_ACCESS_TOKEN")
    @export(as: "githubAccessToken")
    @remove
}
 
query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs($numberArtifacts: Int! = 3)
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
{
  githubArtifactsEndpoint: _sprintf(
    string: "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts?per_page=%s",
    values: [$numberArtifacts]
  )
    @remove
 
  # Retrieve Artifact data from GitHub Actions API
  gitHubArtifactData: _sendJSONObjectItemHTTPRequest(
    input: {
      url: $__githubArtifactsEndpoint,
      options: {
        auth: {
          password: $githubAccessToken
        },
        headers: [
          {
            name: "Accept",
            value: "application/vnd.github+json"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  )
    @remove
  
  # Extract the URL from within each "artifacts" item
  gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs: _objectProperty(
    object: $__gitHubArtifactData,
    by: {
      key: "artifacts"
    }
  )
    @underEachArrayItem(passValueOnwardsAs: "artifactItem")
      @applyField(
        name: "_objectProperty",
        arguments: {
          object: $artifactItem,
          by: {
            key: "archive_download_url"
          }
        },
        setResultInResponse: true
      )
    @export(as: "gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs")
}
 
query CreateHTTPRequestInputs
  @depends(on: "RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs")
{
  httpRequestInputs: _echo(value: $gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs)
    @underEachArrayItem(
      passValueOnwardsAs: "url"
    )
      @applyField(
        name: "_objectAddEntry",
        arguments: {
          object: {
            options: {
              auth: {
                password: $githubAccessToken
              },
              headers: {
                name: "Accept",
                value: "application/vnd.github+json"
              },
              allowRedirects: null
            }
          },
          key: "url",
          value: $url
        },
        setResultInResponse: true
      )
    @export(as: "httpRequestInputs")
    @remove
}
 
query RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs
  @depends(on: "CreateHTTPRequestInputs")
{
  _sendHTTPRequests(
    inputs: $httpRequestInputs
  ) {
    artifactDownloadURL: header(name: "Location")
      @export(as: "artifactDownloadURLs", type: LIST)
  }
}
 
query PrintArtifactDownloadURLsAsList
  @depends(on: "RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs")
{
  artifactDownloadURLs: _echo(value: $artifactDownloadURLs)
}

响应为：

{
  "data": {
    "gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs": [
      "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803444209/zip",
      "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803444208/zip",
      "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803444207/zip"
    ],
    "_sendHTTPRequests": [
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-schema-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9351393Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=8v8cDVZKAnkXoN8z1GdjXLz4SCGkpv%2Fl0qjlDArac5M%3D"
      },
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9333471Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=ffsyy0p97oeQByMD3X6WKbFyIEbh6nbU%2BFsXKHQHYSM%3D"
      },
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9699160Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=gUi%2F39RS7X5YgVZbEu977ufFt1girQKeNI7LP61gxfY%3D"
      }
    ],
    "artifactDownloadURLs": [
      "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-schema-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9351393Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=8v8cDVZKAnkXoN8z1GdjXLz4SCGkpv%2Fl0qjlDArac5M%3D",
      "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9333471Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=ffsyy0p97oeQByMD3X6WKbFyIEbh6nbU%2BFsXKHQHYSM%3D",
      "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53473/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T03%3A31%3A00.9699160Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=gUi%2F39RS7X5YgVZbEu977ufFt1girQKeNI7LP61gxfY%3D"
    ]
  }
}

替代方案：从 HTTP 请求中获取 GitHub 凭据

我们也可以允许用户通过标头提供他们自己的 GitHub 凭据。

此 GraphQL Query 是对前一个 Query 的改编，区别如下：

  • 操作 RetrieveGitHubAccessToken 从当前 HTTP 请求的 X-Github-Access-Token 标头读取并导出该值，并指示该标头是否未被提供
  • FailIfGitHubAccessTokenIsMissing 在标头缺失时触发错误
  • 所有其他操作均添加了指令 @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)，因此当令牌缺失时不会执行
query RetrieveGitHubAccessToken {
  githubAccessToken: _httpRequestHeader(name: "X-Github-Access-Token")
    @export(as: "githubAccessToken")
    @remove
 
  isGithubAccessTokenMissing: _isEmpty(value: $__githubAccessToken)
    @export(as: "isGithubAccessTokenMissing")
}
 
query FailIfGitHubAccessTokenIsMissing
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
  @include(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)
{
  _fail(
    message: "Header 'X-Github-Access-Token' has not been provided"
  ) @remove
}
 
query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs($numberArtifacts: Int! = 3)
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
  @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)
{
  # Do same as before
  # ...
}
 
query CreateHTTPRequestInputs
  @depends(on: "RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs")
  @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)
{
  # Do same as before
  # ...
}
 
query RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs
  @depends(on: "CreateHTTPRequestInputs")
  @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)
{
  # Do same as before
  # ...
}
 
query PrintArtifactDownloadURLsAsList
  @depends(on: [
    "RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs",
    "FailIfGitHubAccessTokenIsMissing"
  ])
  @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing)
{
  # Do same as before
  # ...
}

当提供了 X-Github-Access-Token 标头时，响应与上述相同。

当未提供时，响应将为：

{
  "errors": [
    {
      "message": "Header 'X-Github-Access-Token' has not been provided",
      "locations": [
        {
          "line": 18,
          "column": 3
        }
      ],
      "extensions": {
        "path": [
          "_fail(message: \"Header 'X-Github-Access-Token' has not been provided\") @remove",
          "query FailIfGitHubAccessTokenIsMissing @depends(on: \"ValidateHasGitHubAccessToken\") @skip(if: $isGithubAccessTokenMissing) { ... }"
        ],
        "type": "QueryRoot",
        "field": "_fail(message: \"Header 'X-Github-Access-Token' has not been provided\") @remove",
        "id": "root",
        "code": "PoPSchema/FailFieldAndDirective@e1"
      }
    }
  ],
  "data": {
    "isGithubAccessTokenMissing": false
  }
}

我们可以从标头中获取 API 网关中多个服务所需的凭据，同时验证这些凭据均已提供：

query RetrieveServiceTokens {
  githubAccessToken: _httpRequestHeader(name: "X-Github-Access-Token")
    @export(as: "githubAccessToken")
  slackAccessToken: _httpRequestHeader(name: "X-Slack-Access-Token")
    @export(as: "slackAccessToken")
 
  isGithubAccessTokenMissing: _isEmpty(value: $__githubAccessToken)
  isSlackAccessTokenMissing: _isEmpty(value: $__slackAccessToken)    
  isAnyAccessTokenMissing: _or(values: [
    $__isGithubAccessTokenMissing,
    $__isSlackAccessTokenMissing
  ])
    @export(as: "isAnyAccessTokenMissing")
}
 
query FailIfAnyAccessTokenMissing
  @depends(on: "RetrieveServiceTokens")
  @include(if: $isAnyAccessTokenMissing)
{
  _fail(
    message: "Access tokens for GitHub and Slack must be provided"
  ) @remove
}
 
query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs
  @depends(on: "RetrieveServiceTokens")
  @skip(if: $isAnyAccessTokenMissing)
{
  # Do something
  # ...
}
 
# Do something
# ...

逐步分析：创建 GraphQL Query

以下是该 Query 工作原理的详细分析。

连接的端点可以动态生成，本例中使用 _sprintf：

query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs($numberArtifacts: Int! = 3)
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
{
  githubArtifactsEndpoint: _sprintf(
    string: "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts?per_page=%s",
    values: [$numberArtifacts]
  )
    @remove
 
  # ...
}

GitHub Actions API 的响应内容庞大且对我们无用，因此我们使用 @remove 将其从响应中删除。但在开发过程中，我们禁用此指令，以便可视化和理解返回的 JSON 对象的结构，并确定需要提取的数据项：

query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs($numberArtifacts: Int! = 3)
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
{
  # ...
 
  # Retrieve Artifact data from GitHub Actions API
  gitHubArtifactData: _sendJSONObjectItemHTTPRequest(
    input: {
      url: $__githubArtifactsEndpoint,
      options: {
        auth: {
          password: $githubAccessToken
        },
        headers: [
          {
            name: "Accept",
            value: "application/vnd.github+json"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  )
    # @remove   <= Disabled to visualize output
}

响应为：

{
  "data": {
    "gitHubArtifactData": {
      "total_count": 8344,
      "artifacts": [
        {
          "id": 803739808,
          "node_id": "MDg6QXJ0aWZhY3Q4MDM3Mzk4MDg=",
          "name": "gato-graphql-testing-schema-1.0.0-dev",
          "size_in_bytes": 62952,
          "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739808",
          "archive_download_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739808/zip",
          "expired": false,
          "created_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:57Z",
          "updated_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:59Z",
          "expires_at": "2023-08-13T06:17:15Z",
          "workflow_run": {
            "id": 5551097653,
            "repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_branch": "Enable-headers-in-GraphiQL",
            "head_sha": "31e69ccab2a8d1fdea942e71f7a93ec484bdd9c8"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": 803739806,
          "node_id": "MDg6QXJ0aWZhY3Q4MDM3Mzk4MDY=",
          "name": "gato-graphql-testing-1.0.0-dev",
          "size_in_bytes": 123914,
          "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739806",
          "archive_download_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739806/zip",
          "expired": false,
          "created_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:57Z",
          "updated_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:59Z",
          "expires_at": "2023-08-13T06:17:11Z",
          "workflow_run": {
            "id": 5551097653,
            "repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_branch": "Enable-headers-in-GraphiQL",
            "head_sha": "31e69ccab2a8d1fdea942e71f7a93ec484bdd9c8"
          }
        },
        {
          "id": 803739803,
          "node_id": "MDg6QXJ0aWZhY3Q4MDM3Mzk4MDM=",
          "name": "gato-graphql-1.0.0-dev",
          "size_in_bytes": 33394234,
          "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739803",
          "archive_download_url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739803/zip",
          "expired": false,
          "created_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:57Z",
          "updated_at": "2023-07-14T06:25:59Z",
          "expires_at": "2023-08-13T06:21:42Z",
          "workflow_run": {
            "id": 5551097653,
            "repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_repository_id": 66721227,
            "head_branch": "Enable-headers-in-GraphiQL",
            "head_sha": "31e69ccab2a8d1fdea942e71f7a93ec484bdd9c8"
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

我们感兴趣的数据项是属性 "archive_download_url"。我们在 JSON 对象结构中定位每个这些数据项，使用字段 _objectProperty（通过指令 @applyField 应用）提取该值，并通过传递参数 setResultInResponse: true 覆盖被迭代的元素：

query RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs($numberArtifacts: Int! = 3)
  @depends(on: "RetrieveGitHubAccessToken")
{
  # ...
  
  # Extract the URL from within each "artifacts" item
  gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs: _objectProperty(
    object: $__gitHubArtifactData,
    by: {
      key: "artifacts"
    }
  )
    @underEachArrayItem(passValueOnwardsAs: "artifactItem")
      @applyField(
        name: "_objectProperty",
        arguments: {
          object: $artifactItem,
          by: {
            key: "archive_download_url"
          }
        },
        setResultInResponse: true
      )
    @export(as: "gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs")
}

我们通过字段 _sendHTTPRequests（异步发送多个 HTTP 请求）同时连接到所有提取的构件 URL，并从每个响应中查询 Location 标头。

由于字段 _sendHTTPRequests 接收参数 input（类型为 [HTTPRequestInput]），我们需要动态生成此输入，方法如下：

  • 迭代每个构件 URL（存储在动态变量 $gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs 中）
  • 使用字段 _objectAddEntry 为每个 URL 动态构建一个包含所有必需参数（标头、认证及其他）的 JSON 对象
  • 将 URL（可通过动态变量 $url 获取）追加到此 JSON 对象

这些动态创建的 JSON 对象列表在作为参数传递给 _sendHTTPRequests(input:) 时将被强制转换为 [HTTPRequestInput]。如果我们的过程有误，导致某个项目无法强制转换为 HTTPRequestInput（例如：未提供必需属性，或提供了不存在的属性），GraphQL 服务器将产生一个强制转换错误。

请注意，我们必须对字段 httpRequestInputs 使用 @remove，因为它包含 GitHub 令牌（在 password: $githubAccessToken 下），我们不希望将其打印在响应中。但在开发过程中，可以禁用此指令。

query CreateHTTPRequestInputs
  @depends(on: "RetrieveProxyArtifactDownloadURLs")
{
  httpRequestInputs: _echo(value: $gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs)
    @underEachArrayItem(
      passValueOnwardsAs: "url"
    )
      @applyField(
        name: "_objectAddEntry",
        arguments: {
          object: {
            options: {
              auth: {
                password: $githubAccessToken
              },
              headers: {
                name: "Accept",
                value: "application/vnd.github+json"
              },
              allowRedirects: null
            }
          },
          key: "url",
          value: $url
        },
        setResultInResponse: true
      )
    @export(as: "httpRequestInputs")
    # @remove   <= Disabled to visualize output
}
 
query RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs
  @depends(on: "CreateHTTPRequestInputs")
{
  _sendHTTPRequests(
    inputs: $httpRequestInputs
  ) {
    artifactDownloadURL: header(name: "Location")
      @export(as: "artifactDownloadURLs", type: LIST)
  }
}

由于 @remove 已被注释掉，我们现在可以在响应中看到生成的 JSON 对象输入（在条目 httpRequestInputs 下），以及每个 HTTP 响应的 Location 标头结果（在别名 artifactDownloadURL 下）：

{
  "data": {
    "gitHubProxyArtifactDownloadURLs": [
      // ...
    ],
    "httpRequestInputs": [
      {
        "options": {
          "auth": {
            "password": "ghp_{some_github_access_token}"
          },
          "headers": {
            "name": "Accept",
            "value": "application/vnd.github+json"
          },
          "allowRedirects": null
        },
        "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739808/zip"
      },
      {
        "options": {
          "auth": {
            "password": "ghp_{some_github_access_token}"
          },
          "headers": {
            "name": "Accept",
            "value": "application/vnd.github+json"
          },
          "allowRedirects": null
        },
        "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739806/zip"
      },
      {
        "options": {
          "auth": {
            "password": "ghp_{some_github_access_token}"
          },
          "headers": {
            "name": "Accept",
            "value": "application/vnd.github+json"
          },
          "allowRedirects": null
        },
        "url": "https://api.github.com/repos/GatoGraphQL/GatoGraphQL/actions/artifacts/803739803/zip"
      }
    ],
    "_sendHTTPRequests": [
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53479/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-schema-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T07%3A26%3A47.2766840Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=Ype82npdlUlLk4gcGZcBiz80e0ZuvcvnC2rdaSDg9p8%3D"
      },
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53479/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-testing-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T07%3A26%3A47.2961965Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=FdWAh8JXNPJsVIPNuiYN8R7i0vRnN8eCGc57VZDNUEc%3D"
      },
      {
        "artifactDownloadURL": "https://pipelines.actions.githubusercontent.com/serviceHosts/a6be3ecc-6518-4aaa-b5ec-232be0438a37/_apis/pipelines/1/runs/53479/signedartifactscontent?artifactName=gato-graphql-1.0.0-dev&urlExpires=2023-07-14T07%3A26%3A47.2861087Z&urlSigningMethod=HMACV2&urlSignature=0Go8QnkZqIbn0urTQqfbMW4rQtjMfDAR9fSm6fCePjw%3D"
      }
    ]
  }
}

最后，我们使用 _echo 将所有 artifactDownloadURL 项目（可通过动态变量 $artifactDownloadURLs 获取）作为列表一起打印：

query PrintArtifactDownloadURLsAsList
  @depends(on: "RetrieveActualArtifactDownloadURLs")
{
  artifactDownloadURLs: _echo(value: $artifactDownloadURLs)
}

这将打印：

{
  "data": {
    // ...
    "artifactDownloadURLs": [
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